Antihypertensive Drugs Metabolism: An Update to.

Antiarrhythmic agents, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia medications, are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart (cardiac arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Many attempts have been made to classify antiarrhythmic agents. The problem arises from the fact that many of the.

In this lesson we will learn about the class of prescription drugs called calcium channel blockers. We will look at how these work, what side effects can occur, and the risk of overdose.

The researcher of this essay aims to analyze that the Sodium-potassium pump conducts this activity by pumping potassium into the cell and sodium out. Also, indirectly, it. The researcher of this essay aims to analyze that the Sodium-potassium pump conducts this activity by pumping potassium into the cell and sodium out. Also, indirectly, it. StudentShare. Our website is a unique platform.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are heart medications that widen, or dilate, your blood vessels. That increases the amount of blood your heart pumps and lowers blood pressure. They.

Enalapril is used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Learn about side effects, warnings, dosage, and more.

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Studying the pharmacology of antihypertensive drugs doesn’t need to be difficult. Once the underlying physiological mechanisms are understood, the likely side effect and drug interaction profiles begin to fall into place and make more sense. With enough time and even more effort, you too can commit all antihypertensive drug classes to memory.

The Vaughan-Williams classification is a historic classification that groups antiarrhythmics into five main classes. However, there are several limitations with this system and some newer antiarrhythmics can be classified into more than one class. This is the reason some sources may classify some antiarrhythmic agents differently to other sources.

Verapamil is a phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure, heart arrhythmias, and angina, and was the first calcium channel antagonist to be introduced into therapy in the early 1960s. It is a member of the non-dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers, which includes drugs like () and (flunarizine), but is chemically unrelated to other.

An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), which is a device similar to a pacemaker, is mainly used to prevent cardiac arrest. A cardiac arrest is a potentially fatal condition where the electrical activity that controls the heart becomes so disrupted that the heart stops beating. Unless it's treated quickly, a cardiac arrest will be fatal.

ALL excitatory neurotransmitters cause an opening of ligand-gated sodium ion channels. As a result, sodium ions flow in and the cell becomes less negative on the inside. When we talk about acetylcholine, it activates ACh receptor sites and ligand gated sodium ion channels open. These excitatory neurotransmitters create a local increase of.

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) belong to group 1 in the classification of Pulmonary Hypertension (PH). It is a chronic progressive disease caused by narrowing of the minor pulmonary arteries due to vascular proliferation and remodeling. Figure 1: Changes occur in blood vessels in PAH. The.